Categories
Antiviral Biosea Health Health Benefits

Seaweed Nasal Spray Reduces Virus Infection

Most cold medicines only treat the symptoms; however, seaweed nasal spray attacks a cold at its source and is clinically proven to shorten the duration of a cold and help reduce the severity of cold symptoms. The are formulated to be preservative & steroid free, and can used during pregnancy, breastfeeding and kids from 12 months.

These solutions often have the natural ingredient iota-carragenan sourced from red seaweeds such as Eucheuma cottonii . Some may use the carrageenan Kappaphycus alvarezii . The carrageenan forms a barrier in the nasal passage that traps cold viruses, helping to reduce their multiplication and spread, allowing your body’s natural defences to sweep the viruses away from the nasal lining.

Seaweed Nasal Spray is in Multiple Products

These come in from a range of providers.

  • The Austrian company from Vienna Marinomed AG has produced a carrageenan product used by various called Carrogelose and that product is sold for colds and flus.
  • Flo Travel Nasal Spray from Entech
  • Mundicare® Cold Defence Nasal Spray from Mundipharma and they also sell a range of other natural products including melaleuca.
  • Sinomarin Plus Algae from Sinomarin from Greece, which uses the brown seaweed fucoidan extract Undaria pinnatifida and Spirulina plantensis/ Their product is for rhinitis, allergies and colds and flus.

Marinome published work in 2021 showing efficacy on SARS-COVID-2 with trials in Argentina. See this preliminary press release and the report from the Argentina hospital here

Seaweed extract reduces virus infection and impact
A range of products from Sinomarin as part of seaweed extracts in nasal sprays.

Is Whole Seaweed Effective?

For over 50 years, seaweed has been known to be effective as an antiviral compound and even tested against remdesivir in 2021. But the introduction and widespread sale of commercial products is a welcoming sign.

Marinome say a particular advantage of their carrageenan type product is the broad activity of the polymer against different virus strains, such as rhinovirus and colds and flus. They also show activity against coronaviruses. In clinical trials with more than 600 patients suffering from early symptoms of the common cold they show great improvement. Products containing their extracts, such as nasal sprays, lozenges or a throat spray have been marketed in Austria since 2008 and now have been established as the first causative treatment of common cold and flu-like diseases worldwide and are distributed in more than 40 countries.

Biosea Health suspects that the consumption of seaweed as a daily food will be effective in reducing the impact of viruses. That it reduces disease load in pigs and chickens in meat broiler and egg production is demonstrated. Research is needed to confirm.

Categories
Antiviral Biosea Health

Seaweed better than Remdesivir

The red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma have been studied since 1958 for the prevention and treatment of virus infections and the most recent peer-reviewed studies say seaweed is better than remdesivir.

Seaweed is an Untapped Resource

There is an untapped resource in virus prevention and attenuation of symptoms particularly for countries who have an established seaweed industry. Seaweeds are emerging as a potential major player in the fight for the prevention and treatment of the latest disease. New evidence confirms seaweed is better than remdesivir as an effective anti-viral agent.

The idea that seaweed is protective against major pandemic viruses is not new. Back in 1958, seaweed was demonstrated to be effective against Influenza B. More recently seaweed was implicated as an protective factor in the different rates of HIV-AIDS disease burden between Africa and Asia. (Teas et al. 2004) Throughout the years since then, slowly science has been putting together a picture of the impressive anti-viral protection seaweeds could deliver on a population level.

With the ongoing pandemic taking its toll on economic, health and societal norms, countries with an established seaweed industry have a real opportunity to improve not only the health of their people but also the health of their economies.

Seaweed is Antiviral

In 2020 seaweed research is looking specifically at the impact of seaweed on the latest virus. The spike protein on the surface of the virus latches onto the ACE-2 receptor, a molecule on the surface of human cells. Once secured, the virus inserts its own genetic material into the cell, hijacking the cellular machinery to produce replica viruses. But the virus could just as easily be persuaded to lock onto a decoy molecule that offers a similar fit. The neutralized virus would be trapped and eventually degrade naturally. Previous research has shown this decoy technique works in trapping other viruses, including dengue, Zika, and influenza A.

Latest Research Publications

Four publications in 2020 confirm seaweed should be considered as part of a modern program.

1. Extracts from Red Seaweed inhibit Infection

Research from Korea, Song [10] screened 4 marine sulfated polysaccharides for their inhibitory activities against the virus including sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide (SCSP), fucoidan from brown algae, iota-carrageenan from red algae, and chondroitin sulfate C from shark. The extract of carrageenan from red seaweeds was at concentrations of 3.90~500 μg/mL. (Song et al. 2020)

Such a dose would be achieved with a daily consumption of a few grams of dried Pacific Seamoss.

2. Seaweed Better than Remdesivir

In Kwon’s Nature paper they used a test of antiviral effectiveness against the virus. The data showed that a seaweed carragenan extract substantially outperformed remdesivir which is the current standard antiviral used to combat the disease. This was compared also with another treatments: heparin which is a common blood thinner, and a heparin variant stripped of its anticoagulant properties. These performed on par with remdesivir in inhibiting viral infection in mammalian cells.

The Science Daily Here has a good article on the progress for seaweeds with antiviral properties.

3. Natural Substances are Inhibitors

Thirdly, Gentile et al [11] screened over 14,000 compounds. The virus has a clearly defined protein and protease structure and they reduced the target compounds to down to 17 potential inhibitors. These have been identified among the natural substances of marine origin and believe one or more will be very useful proteases.

4. Commercial Anti-Viral Nasal Sprays Effective

Mariomed – a European based company introduced a nasal spray effective against rhinoviruses in 2014, have recently focused on the latest virus. Morokutti-Kurz et al [13] from Mariomed Biotech AG released a paper that takes iota-carragenan and kappa-carragenan and found the neutralization capacity of iota-carrageenan, was in the same range as a positive serum from a patient.

5. Seaweed Good For Boosting Immunity

Over the years, seaweed has been known to boost immunity. Improved nutrition is important. E.g. Iodine supports thyroid function and is an important organ for repairing damaged cells. Seaweed has 7 times the amount of zinc as oranges, so it only makes sense to use it for preventing sickness. The science says Vitamin C stimulates the production of white blood cells in the body – these are what fight off invaders such as viruses. Our bodies can’t make our own Vitamin C, so it has to be found in our diets or through supplements. That’s where seaweed comes in! With its high Vitamin C levels, it boosts your immune system greatly. There is 25% of your daily requirements in seaweed.

Conclusion

Eating seaweed may be very effective to reduce the activity of the latest virus. It certainly will not do any harm, but from the current literature will do a great deal of good, particularly in countries who do not want the $390 per vial / $2340 cost of treatment with remdesivir when $2 per day of seaweed may be better and more available.

References

[1] J. Teas, J. R. Hebert, J. H. Fitton, and P. V. Zimba, “Algae–a poor man’s HAART?,” Medical Hypotheses, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 507-510, 2004. (Science Direct)

[2] E. M. Brown et al., “Seaweed and human health,” Nutrition reviews, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 205-216, 2014.

[3] A. J. Te Velthuis, S. H. van den Worm, A. C. Sims, R. S. Baric, E. J. Snijder, and M. J. van Hemert, “Zn2+ inhibits virus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture,” PLoS pathogens, vol. 6, no. 11, 2010. (PLOS)

[4] K. S. Kumar, K. Ganesan, and P. S. Rao, “Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty–An edible seaweed,” Food chemistry, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 289-295, 2008.(Link Here)

[5] R. J. Snelgrove, L. Edwards, A. J. Rae, and T. Hussell, “An absence of reactive oxygen species improves the resolution of lung influenza infection,” European journal of immunology, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1364-1373, 2006.  (PLOS)

[6] Grassauer A, Weinmuellner R, Meier C, Pretsch A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Unger H. Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection. Virol J. 2008;5:107. Published 2008 Sep 26. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-5-107 (PubMed)

[7] Koenighofer, M., Lion, T., Bodenteich, A. et al. Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Multidiscip Respir Med 9, 57 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-9-57 (SpringerLink)

[8] Khamsi, R 2006 Seaweed compound blocks cervical cancer virus New Scientist

[9] Buck CB, Thompson CD, Roberts JN, Müller M, Lowy DR, et al. (2006) Carrageenan Is a Potent Inhibitor of Papillomavirus Infection. PLOS Pathogens 2(7): e69. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020069

[10] Song, S, Peng, H, Wang, Q, Liu, Z, Dong, X, Wen, C, Ai, C, Zhang, Y, Wang, Z & Zhu, B-W 2020, Inhibitory activities of marine sulfated polysaccharides. Food & function.

[11] Gentile, D.; Patamia, V.; Scala, A.; Sciortino, M.T.; Piperno, A.; Rescifina, A. A Virtual Screening and Molecular Modeling Study. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 225. (Reference)

[12] Kwon, P.S., Oh, H., Kwon, S. Jin W, Zhang F, Fraser K, Hong J Linhardt RJ & Dordicket JS . Sulfated polysaccharides effectively inhibit in vitro. Cell Discov 6, 50 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-020-00192-8 (Nature)

[13] Morokutti-Kurz, M; Graf, P; Grassauer, A; Prieschl-Grassauer E. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 in-vitro neutralization assay reveals inhibition of virus entry by iota-carrageenan. BioRxiv Preprint https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.28.224733v1

Categories
Antiviral

3 Ways Seaweed Boosts Immunity

With the rise of coronavirus, it’s a more important time than ever to make sure our immune systems are working, healthy and ready to fight! So, you might go to a chemist and buy all of your vitamins and mineral supplements. But, they’re probably expensive and packed with sugar and chemicals.

Boost Immunity with Seaweed

Alternatively, seaweed contains an incredible amount of vitamins and minerals. All-natural. It helps your body function without artificial or synthetic vitamins that you don’t process naturally.

Here are 3 vitamins and minerals already present in seaweed that get your immune system functioning at its best!

seaweed contains an incredible amount of vitamins and minerals. All natural. Helps your body function without artificial or synthetic vitamins that you don’t process naturally.

3 ways to boost immunity

  • Vitamin C – increases white blood cells
  • Zinc fights viruses
  • Iodine and Amino Acids Support thyroid function

Vitamin C

Many people turn to eating large amounts of orange juice when they’re sick because it’s high in Vitamin C. Also known as ascorbic acid, this vitamin is well known for boosting immunity and helping fight colds and flu.

The science says Vitamin C stimulates the production of white blood cells in the body – these are what fight off invaders such as viruses.

Our bodies can’t make our own Vitamin C, so it has to be found in our diets or through supplements. That’s where seaweed comes in! With its high Vitamin C levels, it boosts your immune system greatly. There is 25% of your daily requirements in seaweed.

Zinc

Zinc is a known inhibitor of coronavirus replication. Clinical trials of zinc lozenges in the common cold have demonstrated modest reductions in the duration and or severity of symptoms.1  Zinc assists your immune system by preventing viruses from binding to your RNA. When SARS-1 was studied, scientists found that zinc significantly helped the immune system fight the virus. By extension, this readily available nontoxic therapy should be deployed at the first signs of COVID-19.2  Zinc lozenges can be administered 5 times a day for up to 5 days and extended if needed if symptoms persist. The amount of elemental zinc lozenges is <25% of that in a single 220-mg zinc sulfate daily tablet. This dose of zinc sulfate has been effectively used in combination with antimalarials in early treatment of high-risk outpatients with COVID-19.3

Seaweed has 7 times the amount of zinc as oranges, so it only makes sense to use it for preventing sickness.

Iodine

Iodine supports your thyroid gland, an important organ for repairing damaged cells in your body.

Seaweed contains both iodine and the amino acid tyrosine. Together, they create the hormones that support the thyroid gland and help you fight viruses. Pacific Seamoss provides about 25% of your daily requirements but don’t go and eat this much kelp powder as it may have 3 times more of your RDA

These 3 ways to boost immunity also increases your energy levels and overall health!

References

[1] AS Prasad, JT Fitzgerald, B Bao, FW Beck, PH Chandrasekar Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Ann Intern Med, 133 (4) (2000), pp. 245-252, 10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00006

[2] Rahman MT, Idid SZ. Can Zn Be a Critical Element in COVID-19 Treatment? [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 26]. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02194-9

[3] Zelenko V. Clinical dx protocol. Available at: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1pjgHlqI-ZuKOziN3txQsN5zz62v3K043pR3DdhEmcos/edit. Accessed Sept 2, 2020.Google Scholar

Categories
Antiviral Biosea Health

Boost Immunity Fast With Seaweed

Boost Immunity Fast With Seaweed

Boost immunity fast with seaweed is the first line of defence and it needs to be strong. In the human body, the first line of defence against novel viruses is only one special cell in the army of immune defences. And Seaweed is known for building that special army – even in the elderly.

We are hearing a lot about viruses and words like “antibodies”, “vaccines” and “immunity” are now part of our everyday language.

But when it comes to fighting a virus that we have never encountered before, the only words we need to know are “Natural Killer Cells”.

Natural Killer Cells

Natural Killer Cells sound more like science fiction than science, but these cells are the secret weapon in the body’s fight against new viruses.
Viruses are like the hidden spy that infiltrates the government and carries out his evil mission. In the human body, viruses invade our cells where they hide from our other immune defenses and use our own genetic material to replicate themselves.

Natural Killer Cells roam around the body detecting cells that are showing stress from a virus invasion. They quickly kill off the virus loaded cell and prevent it from infecting surrounding cells.

How do we get more Natural Killer Cells? Seaweed.

Antibodies Increase with Seaweed

boost immunity fast with antibody increase with seaweed
Fucoidan from seaweed increases vaccination protection for seasonal flu in elderly patients. [1]

Boost Immunity Fast With Seaweed with Zinc

Boost Your immunity fast with Zinc
Relations among percentages of CD56+lym-phocytes and serum zinc concentrations in healthy, free-living men and women aged ≥90 y [2]

Key to Natural Killers

Like all armies, the Natural Killer Cell army increases its numbers when there is an invasion. When the patrolling Natural Killer Cells detect the virus, they not only kill that cell, they also send a message back to the bone marrow headquarters for more Natural Killers to be built.

Speed up Production of Natural Killer Cells

Sadly, natural killer cells are known to decline with age. However, one study on the elderly in Japan showed that adding seaweed to the diet increased Natural Killer Cells and made the Natural Killer stick around in the body for much longer. (Negishi, Mori et al. 2013) In the fight against novel viruses, the more Natural Killers we have, the better our bodies will cope at keeping the virus at bay.
Seaweed Contains all the Nutrients Needed for More Natural Killer Cells.

Importance of Nutrients

All the nutrients, especially zinc needs to be available for the manufacture of Natural Killers. In a study of elderly in Italy, scientists looked at levels of vitamins and minerals in the blood and the amount of Natural Killer Cells. Those with higher levels of zinc also had more Natural Killers. This in line with what we already know about zinc being effective in stopping virus infections. (Ravaglia, Forti et al. 2000). Seaweed has 7 times the zinc as oranges as well as being packed with vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients to build other parts of the immune system.

So build your first line of defense quickly. Use seaweed capsules or chocolate to increase your Natural Killer Cells before a new virus tries to invade.

References

[1] Negishi, H., M. Mori, H. Mori and Y. Yamori (2013). “Supplementation of elderly Japanese men and women with fucoidan from seaweed increases immune responses to seasonal influenza vaccination.” The Journal of nutrition 143(11): 1794-1798. (Pubmed)

[2] Ravaglia, G., P. Forti, F. Maioli, L. Bastagli, A. Facchini, E. Mariani, L. Savarino, S. Sassi, D. Cucinotta and G. Lenaz (2000). “Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged≥ 90 y.” The American journal of clinical nutrition 71(2): 590-598. (PubMed)

Categories
Antiviral Biosea Health Health Benefits

Boost Immunity Naturally

Seaweed – the smart organic medicinal food for boosting your immunity. It is time to start thinking about our personal health. Is your immune system as strong as it will need to be if faced with a virus? Now is the time to boost your immunity naturally.

SKIPPED THE VEG? DON’T FORGET SEAWEED

BOOST YOUR IMMUNITY NATURALLY WITH SEAWEED
Busy lives mean we don’t eat as many fresh fruit and vegetables as we should.

EAT SEAWEED

Boost your immunity naturally with seaweed - image of seaweed at harvest
Seaweed is high in all immune-boosting nutrients and is a natural way yo boost your immune system quickly.

Medical experts are telling us the best way to boost immunity is to have a healthy diet of fruit, vegetables, nuts, and pulses. But the truth is most of us don’t get anywhere near enough fresh produce to boost immunity.

Now that we are all looking to be as healthy as we can to fight off viruses, we need an affordable, natural and easy short cut to boost our immunity naturally

Seaweed is packed with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and zinc. [1, 2]

With 7 times the zinc of oranges, seaweed is a powerful antiviral agent. [3]When you have seaweed in the diet, levels of vitamins and minerals reach cells in the body no matter what other poor diet choices you make.

Yes, seaweed can reverse the effects of eating a western take-out diet, so you can boost your immunity naturally without making big lifestyle changes. [4]

ZINC STOPS VIRUS

Boost Your Immunity naturally with seaweed
Zinc stops viruses from attaching to cells and causing infection. The graph on the right shows that zinc stopped 75% of common coronavirus from infecting cells

SEAWEED IS A WHOLE FOOD

We no longer have to plow through plates of Kale to get the nutrients we need to boost our immunity naturally.

Biosea Health has taken whole dried seaweed and put into capsules so you can easily take immune-boosting amounts of seaweed every day without the hassle. Take it like a supplement to boost immunity

But for those who prefer to indulge a little. BioSea Health has also put seaweed into good quality chocolate so you can eat guilt-free and get a natural boost to your immunity.

Add Seaweed to Chocolate: BOOST YOUR IMMUNITY NATURALLY AND GUILT-FREE

BioSea Health has created the ultimate guilt-free immune boosting way to get your daily seaweed. Seaweed Chocolate – and it tastes great.

GUILT FREE HEALTH

chocolate recipe Treat for Health
Include seaweed in chocolate for a guilt free treat.

What better way to get your medicinal level of seaweed than in 5 squares of luxurious chocolate. And not only are you increasing your immunity with seaweed, but you are also getting those extra anti-oxidants that good quality chocolate provides.

For those who have favourite chocolate, BioSea Health provides a dried powder product and a recipe so you can turn your favorite chocolate into an immune-boosting health food.

References – Boost Your Immunity

[1] E. M. Brown et al., “Seaweed and human health,” Nutrition reviews, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 205-216, 2014.

[2] A. Farah Diyana, A. Abdullah, Z. Shahrul Hisham, and K. Chan, “Antioxidant activity of red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum,” International Food Research Journal, vol. 22, no. 5, 2015. (Google Scholar)

[3] A. J. Te Velthuis, S. H. van den Worm, A. C. Sims, R. S. Baric, E. J. Snijder, and M. J. van Hemert, Zn2+ inhibits virus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture, PLoS pathogens, vol. 6, no. 11, 2010. (PubMed)

[4] S. Wanyonyi, R. Du Preez, L. Brown, N. A. Paul, and S. K. Panchal, “Kappaphycus alvarezii as a food supplement prevents diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats,” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 11, p. 1261, 2017. (Nutrition)

Categories
Antiviral Biosea Health Health Benefits Reviews

Fight Viruses Naturally with Seaweed

Fight viruses naturally with seaweed, as the latest pandemic spread across the entire world. There has never been a better time to boost your immune system. You can fight viruses with seaweed because seaweed is packed with phytonutrients and prebiotics that boost your immunity quickly. But Seaweed is also a powerful tool against the big guns of the virus world such as SARS and HIV/AIDS.

Not convinced?

Here are some of the reasons why seaweed should be your first choice in building your immune health before a virus hits your neighbourhood!

Fight Viruses Naturally

Back in 2004, it was noticed there were higher rates of HIV/AIDS infection in Africa than in South East Asia. Rates in Asia were one-tenth of those in Africa so there must have been something other than sexual contact that was causing the difference. When scientists noticed lower HIV/AIDS rates in pockets of Africa where spirulina was eaten, they decided it was marine algae or seaweed that made the difference. [1]

In 2006, New Scientist[8] reported that a seaweed compound blocks cervical cancer known to be caused by the human papillomavirus [9].  Lead researcher Schiller (USA Bethesda Cancer Institute) said “we were floored by how much better it worked than anything else we tested”. Same mode of action – stopped the virus getting into the cells. But someone needed to take the product through the approval process.  And no one did. A popular vaccine came out at the same time, so further research was shelved.

Research in 2008 [6] showed human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a predominant cause of common cold and implicated in the worsening of COPD and asthma, as well as the loss of lung transplants. Despite significant efforts, no anti-viral agent is approved for the prevention or treatment of HRV-infection. They suggested spraying the nasal passages with carregeenan. But no one has developed such a product.

We now know it is the sulfated polysaccharides in the cell walls of the seaweed that stop the viruses in their tracks. The seaweed stops the virus from entering cells, so it cant hijack our immune system and make us ill. [2]

RED SEAWEED REDUCES VIRUS LOAD

Fight viruses with seaweed
Carrageenan inhibited cold viruses in cell culture. (See reference [6])

RED SEAWEED COLD VIRUS

Fight viruses with seaweed
Red seaweed carrageenan reduces cold virus [6]

Fight Viruses Naturally with Seaweed and High Zinc Levels

Seaweed has 7 times more zinc than oranges. Zinc is involved in all cellular processes, but it is especially important to immunity.

Increased zinc prevents viruses from binding to RNA in cells, so the virus cannot multiply and increase infection in its host. Studies in SARS virus have shown that zinc causes a 3-4 fold reduction in the percentage of the virus binding to RNA. [3]. It is entirely probable that the same mechanism holds for the most recent virus.

Check out our label for the minerals and vitamins in Pacific Seamoss or Kappaphycus alvarezii.  This demonstrates that you can fight viruses with seaweed

Seaweed is high in antioxidants

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are broken molecules also called free radicals. They appear in cells during infections to kill the invaders but also do damage to the host cell.
  • Antioxidants in seaweed show excellent scavenging ability. [4]
  • Antioxidants roam the cells scavenging excess ROS and prevent damage to the underlying cells and tissues.

This is especially important when the infection is in the lungs as is the case with the latest virus. [5] This shows you can fight viruses with seaweed.

ANTIOXIDANTS REDUCE LUNG INFECTION

Fight viruses with seaweed. Effect on lung capacity
Look in graph B to a 25% reduction. Reference Snelgrove 2006 [5]

ZINC REDUCES VIRAL LOAD

fight viruses with seaweed
Increasing Zinc reduced SARS virus load. Reference [6]

Conclusion

For more than 16 years, science has shown you can fight viruses with seaweed. The current SARs like virus is almost at the pandemic stage globally.

What do you have to lose?

References

[1] J. Teas, J. R. Hebert, J. H. Fitton, and P. V. Zimba, “Algae–a poor man’s HAART?,” Medical Hypotheses, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 507-510, 2004. (Science Direct)

[2] E. M. Brown et al., “Seaweed and human health,” Nutrition reviews, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 205-216, 2014.

[3] A. J. Te Velthuis, S. H. van den Worm, A. C. Sims, R. S. Baric, E. J. Snijder, and M. J. van Hemert, “Zn2+ inhibits virus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture,” PLoS pathogens, vol. 6, no. 11, 2010. (PLOS)

[4] K. S. Kumar, K. Ganesan, and P. S. Rao, “Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty–An edible seaweed,” Food chemistry, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 289-295, 2008.(Link Here)

[5] R. J. Snelgrove, L. Edwards, A. J. Rae, and T. Hussell, “An absence of reactive oxygen species improves the resolution of lung influenza infection,” European journal of immunology, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1364-1373, 2006.  (PLOS)

[6] Grassauer A, Weinmuellner R, Meier C, Pretsch A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Unger H. Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection. Virol J. 2008;5:107. Published 2008 Sep 26. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-5-107 (PubMed)

[7] Koenighofer, M., Lion, T., Bodenteich, A. et al. Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Multidiscip Respir Med 9, 57 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-9-57 (SpringerLink)

[8] Khamsi, R 2006 Seaweed compound blocks cervical cancer virus New Scientist

[9] Buck CB, Thompson CD, Roberts JN, Müller M, Lowy DR, et al. (2006) Carrageenan Is a Potent Inhibitor of Papillomavirus Infection. PLOS Pathogens 2(7): e69. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020069